Umubare w'ibintu bipima lens ni ingenzi mu kugaragaza imikorere y'amashusho muri sisitemu z'amashusho kandi bigira uruhare runini mu miterere rusange y'igishushanyo. Uko ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gufata amashusho ritera imbere, abakoresha bakenera ko amashusho agaragara neza, amabara meza, no gukora amashusho meza byarushijeho kwiyongera, bituma habaho kugenzura cyane uburyo urumuri rukwirakwira mu dusanduku duto duto. Muri urwo rwego, umubare w'ibintu bipima lens ugaragara nk'imwe mu ngingo zikomeye zigenga ubushobozi bwa sisitemu y'amashusho.
Buri gice cy’inyongera cy’indorerwamo gitanga ubwisanzure bwiyongera, bigatuma habaho gukoresha neza inzira z’urumuri no kwibanda ku buryo bugaragara mu nzira yose y’urumuri. Ubu buryo bworoshye bwo gushushanya ntibufasha gusa kunoza inzira y’ibanze yo gufata amashusho, ahubwo bunafasha gukosora uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya amashusho. Utundi duce tw’ingenzi turimo gutandukana kw’uruziga—bivuka iyo imirasire y’inyuma n’iya paraxial idahuye ku gice kimwe cy’ingenzi; gutandukana kw’amarangamutima—bigaragara nk’itandukaniro ry’amasoko y’ingingo, cyane cyane ku nkengero z’ishusho; astigmatism—bituma habaho itandukaniro ry’imiterere rishingiye ku cyerekezo; guhindagurika k’umurima—aho imiterere y’ishusho igoramye, biganisha ku turere two hagati dufite ubushobozi bwo gutandukanya impande; no guhindagurika kw’imiterere y’ishusho—bigaragara nk’ihinduka ry’ishusho rimeze nk’iry’umugozi cyangwa iry’umugozi.
Byongeye kandi, impinduka za chromatic—haba mu ruhande rumwe n’uruhande rumwe—ziterwa no gukwirakwira kw’ibintu bigabanya ubwiza bw’amabara n’itandukaniro. Mu kongeramo ibindi bintu by’indorerwamo, cyane cyane binyuze mu guhuza indorerwamo nziza n’izibi, izi mpinduka zishobora kugabanywa mu buryo buhamye, bityo bikanoza uburinganire bw’amashusho mu rwego rwo kureba.
Iterambere ryihuse ry’amashusho yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ryarushijeho kongera akamaro k’ubuhanga bw’amalenzi. Urugero, muri terefone zigendanwa, moderi zigezweho ubu zihuza sensor za CMOS n’umubare wa pixel urenga miliyoni 50, zimwe zigera kuri miliyoni 200, hamwe n’ingano ya pixel igenda igabanuka. Iri terambere rishyiraho ibisabwa bikomeye ku buryo urumuri rw’impande n’urw’ahantu ruhagaze. Kugira ngo ikoreshe imbaraga zo gusubiza ibintu muri ubwo buryo bwa sensor zo mu rwego rwo hejuru, lenseri zigomba kugera ku gaciro kanini ka Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) mu buryo bwagutse bw’impinduka, bigamije kwerekana neza imiterere myiza. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiterere isanzwe y’ibintu bitatu cyangwa bitanu ntabwo ihagije, bituma hashyirwaho imiterere ihanitse y’ibintu byinshi nka 7P, 8P, na 9P. Iyi miterere ituma habaho kugenzura neza inguni z’imirasire y’urumuri, bigateza imbere hafi y’ibisanzwe ku buso bwa sensor no kugabanya uburyo bwo kuvugana hagati y’amalenzi. Byongeye kandi, guhuza ubuso bwa aspheric byongera ubwiza bwo gukosora kugira ngo habeho ihindagurika ry’urumuri no guhindagurika, birushaho kunoza cyane ubukana bw’impande n’ubwiza bw’ishusho muri rusange.
Mu buryo bw'ubuhanga bwo gufata amashusho, gukenera ubuhanga mu ikoranabuhanga bituma habaho ibisubizo bigoye kurushaho. Lense nini (urugero, f/1.2 cyangwa f/0.95) zikoreshwa muri DSLR yo mu rwego rwo hejuru na kamera zitagira indorerwamo zikunze kugira ikibazo cyo kuhindagurika cyane kw'indorerwamo no kubura uburebure bitewe n'ubujyakuzimu bwazo bw'ikirere n'urumuri rwinshi. Kugira ngo barwanya izi ngaruka, abakora bakunze gukoresha lenses zigizwe n'ibintu 10 kugeza kuri 14, bakoresheje ibikoresho bigezweho n'ubuhanga buhanitse. Ikirahure cyoroshye (urugero, ED, SD) gikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo gihagarike gukwirakwira kwa chromatic no gukuraho intera y'amabara. Ibintu bya aspheric bisimbura ibice byinshi by'indorerwamo, bigatuma habaho gukosora guhindagurika neza mu gihe bigabanya uburemere n'umubare w'ibintu. Imiterere imwe n'imwe ikora neza ikubiyemo ibintu bya diffractive optical (DOEs) cyangwa lenses za fluorite kugira ngo bikomeze gukumira guhindagurika kwa chromatic nta kongeramo uburemere bunini. Muri lenses za ultra-telephoto zoom—nk'urugero 400mm f/4 cyangwa 600mm f/4—iteraniro ry'ikoranabuhanga rishobora kurenza ibintu 20 byihariye, hamwe n'uburyo bwo gupima ishusho burimo ubwiza kuva kuri focus kugeza ku bunini.
Nubwo hari ibyiza nk'ibi, kongera umubare w'ibintu by'indorerwamo bitanga inyungu zikomeye mu buhanga. Icya mbere, buri shusho y'ikirahure cy'umwuka itanga igihombo cya 4% ku gipimo cyo kugaragara. Nubwo hari indorerwamo zigezweho zirwanya urumuri—harimo nano-structured coatings (ASC), sub-wavelength structures (SWC), na multi-layer broadband coatings—igihombo cy'ikwirakwizwa ry'urumuri gikomeje kwirindwa. Umubare munini w'ibintu ushobora kwangiza uburyo urumuri rukwirakwizwa, ukagabanya igipimo cy'urusaku hagati y'ibimenyetso n'urusaku no kongera ubushobozi bwo kwangirika, ibara ry'umukara, n'igabanuka ry'itandukaniro, cyane cyane mu duce dufite urumuri ruto. Icya kabiri, kwihanganira ko ibintu bikorerwa mu nganda bigenda birushaho kuba ngombwa: aho buri mbonerahamwe iherereye, ihindagurika, n'intera hagati y'indorerwamo bigomba kuguma mu buryo bunoze bwa mikorometero. Gutandukana bishobora gutera kwangirika kw'ihindagurika ry'umurongo cyangwa ihindagurika ry'aho hantu, byongera ubukana bw'umusaruro no kugabanya umusaruro.
Byongeye kandi, umubare munini w'amalenzi muri rusange wongera ingano n'uburemere bwa sisitemu, bihabanye n'ibikenewe mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abaguzi. Mu bikorwa bifite ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo ikoranabuhanga riciriritse nka telefoni zigendanwa, kamera zikora, na sisitemu zo gufata amashusho zishyizwe ku ma drone, guhuza optique ifite imikorere myiza mu buryo buciriritse bitanga imbogamizi ikomeye mu miterere. Byongeye kandi, ibice bya mekanike nka autofocus actuators na optical image stabilization (OIS) modules bisaba umwanya uhagije kugira ngo amalenzi yinjire. Imiterere y'amalenzi igoye cyane cyangwa idateguye neza ishobora kubangamira stroke ya actuator no gusubiza neza, bigatuma umuvuduko wo kwibandaho n'ubushobozi bwo gutuza.
Kubwibyo, mu gushushanya imikorere y'amatara, guhitamo umubare ukwiye w'ibintu bya lens bisaba isesengura ryimbitse ry'ubuhanga. Abashushanya bagomba guhuza imipaka y'imikorere y'abahanga n'imbogamizi zifatika zirimo ikoreshwa ry'intego, imiterere y'ibidukikije, ikiguzi cyo gukora, n'itandukaniro ry'isoko. Urugero, lens za kamera zigendanwa mu bikoresho binini bikunze gukoresha imiterere ya 6P cyangwa 7P kugira ngo bihuze imikorere n'ikiguzi, mu gihe lens za sinema z'umwuga zishobora gushyira imbere ireme ry'ishusho rihanitse ku bunini n'uburemere. Muri icyo gihe, iterambere mu gushushanya imiterere y'amatara—nk'uko Zemax na Code V—bituma habaho uburyo bwo kunoza ibintu byinshi, bigatuma abahanga bagera ku rwego rw'imikorere rugereranywa na sisitemu nini zikoresha ibintu bike binyuze mu miterere ya curvature igezweho, guhitamo index ya refractive, no kunoza coefficient ya aspheric.
Mu gusoza, umubare w'ibintu by'indorerwamo si igipimo cy'ubuhanga bw'urumuri gusa ahubwo ni ihinduka ry'ibanze rigena urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere yo gufotora. Ariko, igishushanyo cy'urumuri cyiza ntikigerwaho binyuze mu kuzamura imibare gusa, ahubwo binyuze mu kubaka ku bushake imiterere iboneye, ishingiye kuri fiziki ihuza gukosora amakosa, imikorere myiza yo kohereza, ubucucike bw'imiterere, no gukora neza. Dutegereje imbere, udushya mu bikoresho bishya—nk'ibipimo byo hejuru byo gupima, polymeri zo hasi cyane na metamaterials—uburyo bugezweho bwo gukora—harimo no gushushanya ku rwego rwa wafer no gutunganya ubuso—n'ishusho y'ikoranabuhanga—binyuze mu gushushanya hamwe na optique na algorithms—bitezweho gusobanura neza uburyo amafoto y'abakiriya “ameze neza”, bigatuma sisitemu zo gufotora zo mu gisekuru gitaha zirangwa n'imikorere yo hejuru, ubwenge bwinshi, no kunoza ubwiyongere bw'ubushobozi bwo kwaguka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 16-2025